Age wise, no. Christy Matthewson and Try Cobb served after retirement, about ARod age. But we can't really say an athlete at 40 in 2014 is the same as a guy that was 40 in 1944.
Using Ted Williams as a comp, he missed 3 seasons (24-26yr old), and the most of his 33-34yr old campaign due to Korea.
Anyway my point is there are guys who did miss as much time as ARod has and comeback to resume their HOF careers. Granted they left in their teens and twenty's, not late 30s.
More modern comps will include Mark Miller and Barry Zito attempting comebacks in 2015. If we look at that group of older stars trying to make comebacks...you're right I can't think of one that did anything notable.