Japan finally admits 3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake.

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SlyPokerDog

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Tokyo (CNN) -- Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant experienced full meltdowns at three reactors in the wake of an earthquake and tsunami in March, the country's Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters said Monday.

The nuclear group's new evaluation, released Monday, goes further than previous statements in describing the extent of the damage caused by an earthquake and tsunami on March 11.

The announcement will not change plans for how to stabilize the Fukushima Daiichi plant, the agency said.

Reactors 1, 2 and 3 experienced a full meltdown, it said.


http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/a...m=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+rss/cnn_topstories+
 
Good God... according to the video they we very lucky they didn't lose all of northern Japan.
 
Some believe that Kyung Lah(the reporter) has a latent hatred of the Japanese.
 
Some people believe only madmen and idiots are pro-nuclear energy.
 
LOL at a blog post from March from a kid at Greenpeace.
 
...so you're saying that there is still nothing to worry about?! :dunno:
 
Brian, I know you think the situation in Japan is being overstated, but what do you think about the situation in Texas where a helicopter didn't crash and 30 people were not found dead?

barfo
 
LOL at a blog post from March from a kid at Greenpeace.

Not a kid.

Not at Greenpeace.

Too lazy to actually read? Just flail away with the uninformed attacks when reality frightens you?
 
Brian, I know you think the situation in Japan is being overstated, but what do you think about the situation in Texas where a helicopter didn't crash and 30 people were not found dead?

barfo

Wait...they're still looking for them, there were 42 not 30, they died after being found...???

You've really opened a can of worms here.
 
•Little Rock milk radiation – 3 times the EPA Maximum
•Radiation in Philly Drinking Water 73% of federal drinking water standards.
•Los Angeles milk radiation was above federal drinking water standards.
•Radiation found in Phoenix milk was almost at the federal drinking water standard.
•Radioactive Iodine in Boise Idaho rainwater was 130 times above Federal Drinking Water standards.
•Radioactive Caesium was 13.66 times above federal limit for Caesium-134, 2 year half-life.
•Radioactive Caesium was 12 times federal limit for Caesium-137, 30 year half-life.
•Tennessee drinking water was detected with radiation slightly above 1/2 the federal maximum.
•Radioactive Iodine has been detected in the drinking water across the entire US in the following states: California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Tennessee, Montana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, and Alabama, as well as in Canada.
•Cesium and Tellurium were found in Boise, Las Vegas, Nome and Dutch Harbor, Honolulu, Kauai and Oahu, Anaheim, Riverside, San Francisco, and San Bernardino, Jacksonville and Orlando, Salt Lake City, Guam, and Saipan.
•Uranium-234, with a half-life of 245,500 years has been found in Hawaii, California, and Washington.
 
I’m not saying that there’s nothing to worry about. I’m saying that people much more qualified than a kid blogging based on Greenpeace smear articles and a stay-at-home mom trained in psychiatry who blogs in her spare time are working on this, and will let you know if and when who need to start worrying about something. The chances of you needing to worry are about on par with you needing to worry about a meteor hitting the earth. I’m not saying you don’t have to, or it’s a serious worry, but in terms of impact to you and likelihood of ever affecting you in a tangible way the odds are about the same.

I’ve been getting status updates on this roughly weekly since it started, and this isn’t news. In the industry, there isn’t any difference between “meltdown” and “full meltdown”. Either reactor fuel has left its casing and “melted down” to the bottom of the pressure vessel or it hasn’t. And just about everyone (including the amateurs on this site) knew that reactor fuel was sitting at the bottom of the pressure vessel 3 months ago. There is concern about whether or not material melted through the pressure vessel, but the temperatures are well below that which would lead to any type of criticality event. As of today the temps were hovering around 110C in Reactors 1 and 2 and 140C in Reactor 3. The spent fuel pools have all been at 32C for weeks. The circulation systems will be fully back on line next week, and the backup generators have all previously been moved to high ground. There has been no monitored Iodine-131 in the seawater off the coast for weeks. All Cesium-137 levels monitored at 10 places off the coast are ~1/10th of the limit allowed. On 31 May the saltwater cleaning systems were completed and tested last Friday.

For those who don’t think that almost a decade working in nuclear power engineering and operation qualifies me to overrule a Greenpeace smear author, the Montreal Gazette, a kid blogger, a psychiatrist and a realtor on their nuclear engineering knowledge, here are some quotes from the article posted above:

Here’s some relevant “journalism” that Greenpeace has picked up on:
From the Gazette:
fuel is assumed to have melted down and may have burnt through the reactor pressure vessels of units one, two and three and into their outer steel containment vessels.
So they’re being conservative and saying that the fuel may have melted through, but is still being contained in its outer vessel. Whew. Glad that we avoided THAT disaster and that it’s still…wait for it…contained.
Contaminated water has spilled or been released several times into the Pacific Ocean, and environmental group Greenpeace has warned that it has found unsafe radiation levels in marine species as far as 50 kilometres (30 miles) offshore.
Warned who? Which marine species? What radiation are they monitoring? What’s “unsafe”?
From the blogger:
If you can read English, you can read Wikipedia’s various entries on nuclear reactor and reactor accidents, and would have figured out that there was no way that the Reactor 1′s reactor core had not melted once the cooling system failed. I read several wiki entries (“corium“, “meltdown“, “Three Mile Island accident“, “Chernobyl accident” and others), and that was my conclusion as a layman.
So instead of looking for the unclassified reports from the people at Fukushima, or digging up some FOIA stuff from the US Military (who’s been there since a couple of hours after the tsunami), or asking some experts about it, your “layman” hero is reading wiki and making “conclusions” that fuel had melted. We said that a couple of days after in the post here…but again, no evidence that the fuel wasn’t contained. The “molten nuclear lava” (LOL) isn’t running down the streets of Fukushima, or sliding through the groundwater supply.
As of mid-April, (if you believe those nuclear mouthpieces at Bloomberg)
Radiation in Tokyo’s water supply fell to undetectable levels for the first time since March 18, the capital’s public health institute said today.
The level of iodine-131 in tap water fell to zero yesterday, and cesium-134 and cesium-137 also weren’t detected, the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health said today.
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-...alls-to-zero-for-first-time-since-crisis.html
Is it your contention that radiation isn’t affecting the water supply AT ALL 100 miles from the reactor, or in the water directly off the coast, but is at anything close to a threatening level 8000 miles away in the US?
The Washington State Dept. of Health on April 28 said the following:
As of 28 April, the Washington State Department of Health, one of the U.S. states nearest Japan, reported that levels of radioactive material from the Fukushima plant had dropped significantly, and were now often below levels that could be detected with standard tests
But go ahead, people…use your layman knowledge to make conclusions. More people have been hospitalized from taking iodine pills combating radiation than everyone in Japan combined has FROM the radiation
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/18/3168067.htm
But WHO Western Pacific environmental officer, Steven Iddings, says there are already reports of overdoses in countries close to Japan.
"These would be from maybe frightened people who have self-medicated without the advice of a doctor," he said.
"This treatment is really meant for people who are close up, perhaps workers who are associated with the response in Japan."
 
Radioactive Iodine in Boise Idaho rainwater was 130 times above Federal Drinking Water standards.

The Seattle Times, which first reported the rainwater contamination, stated: “The levels of iodine-131 in water samples from Richland and Boise — about 0.2 picocuries per liter — are so small the EPA estimates that even an infant would have to drink nearly 7,000 liters to receive a dose of radiation equivalent to a day's worth of normal background radiation.”
http://www.epa.gov/japan2011/rert/radnet-sampling-data.html#precipitation

Wherever "radioactive iodine" was found, at whatever level...its half-life is 8 days, so it's gone by now. But don't trust me, here's the EPA:
It's important to remember that radioactive material from Japan will have to travel thousands of miles through the air before reaching the U.S. The material will be widely dispersed and diluted by wind. To impact drinking water, the material would need to be caught in precipitation, fall to the ground and eventually enter drinking water.
 
•Radiation in Philly Drinking Water 73% of federal drinking water standards.•Radioactive Iodine in Boise Idaho rainwater was 130 times above Federal Drinking Water standards.
•Tennessee drinking water was detected with radiation slightly above 1/2 the federal maximum.
•Radioactive Iodine has been detected in the drinking water across the entire US in the following states: California, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Tennessee, Montana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey, and Alabama, as well as in Canada.
•Cesium and Tellurium were found in Boise, Las Vegas, Nome and Dutch Harbor, Honolulu, Kauai and Oahu, Anaheim, Riverside, San Francisco, and San Bernardino, Jacksonville and Orlando, Salt Lake City, Guam, and Saipan.

Again, from the EPA"
•While the levels in the rainwater exceed the applicable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 3piC/L for drinking water, it is important to note that the corresponding MCL for iodine-131 was calculated based on long-term chronic exposures over the course of a lifetime 70 years. The levels seen in rainwater are expected to be relatively short in duration.
http://www.epa.gov/japan2011/japan-faqs.html

Maybe it's all a huge conspiracy by NISA, IAEA, the EPA, the military, nuclear engineers and operators and the "corporate media" to contaminate you and cause everyone in the US to die of cancer in 50 years. Or, maybe it's just that greenpeace and layman bloggers and activist reporters are writing out of their anus. Yet, they seem to have found a believer in you. And your ignorance and ability to be brainwashed by the fringe is sadder to me than your attempt to scare up drama.
 
These are the very people BrianfromWA tells you to believe. He bases all his opinions on what these people tell him, and only on that.

If they're not working for the Feds, they're too stupid to be believed according to BrianfromWA.

Big Brother has your back, says BrianfromWA.

Sorry, BrianfromWA. I've been around more, been around longer, been lied to by these people nearly 100% of the time for over 5 decades and about stuff alot more important than nuclear fallout.

Look, we're right where Japan was just before the quake:

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=137291169

LACEY TOWNSHIP, N.J. June 20, 2011, 03:38 am ET

Federal regulators have been working closely with the nuclear power industry to keep the nation's aging reactors operating within safety standards by repeatedly weakening those standards, or simply failing to enforce them, an investigation by The Associated Press has found.

Time after time, officials at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission have decided that original regulations were too strict, arguing that safety margins could be eased without peril, according to records and interviews.

The result? Rising fears that these accommodations by the NRC are significantly undermining safety — and inching the reactors closer to an accident that could harm the public and jeopardize the future of nuclear power in the United States.

Examples abound. When valves leaked, more leakage was allowed — up to 20 times the original limit. When rampant cracking caused radioactive leaks from steam generator tubing, an easier test of the tubes was devised, so plants could meet standards.

Failed cables. Busted seals. Broken nozzles, clogged screens, cracked concrete, dented containers, corroded metals and rusty underground pipes — all of these and thousands of other problems linked to aging were uncovered in the AP's yearlong investigation. And all of them could escalate dangers in the event of an accident.

Yet despite the many problems linked to aging, not a single official body in government or industry has studied the overall frequency and potential impact on safety of such breakdowns in recent years, even as the NRC has extended the licenses of dozens of reactors.

Industry and government officials defend their actions, and insist that no chances are being taken. But the AP investigation found that with billions of dollars and 19 percent of America's electricity supply at stake, a cozy relationship prevails between the industry and its regulator, the NRC.

Records show a recurring pattern: Reactor parts or systems fall out of compliance with the rules. Studies are conducted by the industry and government, and all agree that existing standards are "unnecessarily conservative."

Regulations are loosened, and the reactors are back in compliance.

"That's what they say for everything, whether that's the case or not," said Demetrios Basdekas, an engineer retired from the NRC. "Every time you turn around, they say `We have all this built-in conservatism.'"

The ongoing crisis at the stricken, decades-old Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear facility in Japan has focused attention on the safety of plants elsewhere in the world; it prompted the NRC to look at U.S. reactors, and a report is due in July.

But the factor of aging goes far beyond the issues posed by the disaster at Fukushima.

Commercial nuclear reactors in the United States were designed and licensed for 40 years. When the first ones were being built in the 1960s and 1970s, it was expected that they would be replaced with improved models long before those licenses expired.

But that never happened. The 1979 accident at Three Mile Island, massive cost overruns, crushing debt and high interest rates ended new construction proposals for several decades.

Instead, 66 of the 104 operating units have been relicensed for 20 more years, mostly with scant public attention. Renewal applications are under review for 16 other reactors.

By the standards in place when they were built, these reactors are old and getting older. As of today, 82 reactors are more than 25 years old.

The AP found proof that aging reactors have been allowed to run less safely to prolong operations. As equipment has approached or violated safety limits, regulators and reactor operators have loosened or bent the rules.

Last year, the NRC weakened the safety margin for acceptable radiation damage to reactor vessels — for a second time. The standard is based on a measurement known as a reactor vessel's "reference temperature," which predicts when it will become dangerously brittle and vulnerable to failure. Over the years, many plants have violated or come close to violating the standard.

As a result, the minimum standard was relaxed first by raising the reference temperature 50 percent, and then 78 percent above the original — even though a broken vessel could spill its radioactive contents into the environment.

"We've seen the pattern," said nuclear safety scientist Dana Powers, who works for Sandia National Laboratories and also sits on an NRC advisory committee. "They're ... trying to get more and more out of these plants."

———

SHARPENING THE PENCIL

The AP collected and analyzed government and industry documents — including some never-before released. The examination looked at both types of reactor designs: pressurized water units that keep radioactivity confined to the reactor building and the less common boiling water types like those at Fukushima, which send radioactive water away from the reactor to drive electricity-generating turbines.

Tens of thousands of pages of government and industry studies were examined, along with test results, inspection reports and regulatory policy statements filed over four decades. Interviews were conducted with scores of managers, regulators, engineers, scientists, whistleblowers, activists, and residents living near the reactors, which are located at 65 sites, mostly in the East and Midwest.

AP reporting teams toured some of the oldest reactors — the unit here at Oyster Creek, near the Atlantic coast 50 miles east of Philadelphia, and two units at Indian Point, 25 miles north of New York City along the Hudson River.

Called "Oyster Creak" by some critics because of its aging problems, this boiling water reactor began running in 1969 and ranks as the country's oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant. Its license was extended in 2009 until 2029, though utility officials announced in December that they'll shut the reactor 10 years earlier rather than build state-ordered cooling towers. Applications to extend the lives of pressurized water units 2 and 3 at Indian Point, each more than 36 years old, are under review by the NRC.

Unprompted, several nuclear engineers and former regulators used nearly identical terminology to describe how industry and government research has frequently justified loosening safety standards to keep aging reactors within operating rules. They call the approach "sharpening the pencil" or "pencil engineering" — the fudging of calculations and assumptions to yield answers that enable plants with deteriorating conditions to remain in compliance.

"Many utilities are doing that sort of thing," said engineer Richard T. Lahey Jr., who used to design nuclear safety systems for General Electric Co., which makes boiling water reactors. "I think we need nuclear power, but we can't compromise on safety. I think the vulnerability is on these older plants."

Added Paul Blanch, an engineer who left the industry over safety issues but later returned to work on solving them: "It's a philosophical position that (federal regulators) take that's driven by the industry and by the economics: What do we need to do to let those plants continue to operate? They somehow sharpen their pencil to either modify their interpretation of the regulations, or they modify their assumptions in the risk assessment."

In public pronouncements, industry and government say aging is well under control. "I see an effort on the part of this agency to always make sure that we're doing the right things for safety. I'm not sure that I see a pattern of staff simply doing things because there's an interest to reduce requirements — that's certainly not the case," NRC chairman Gregory Jaczko said in an interview at agency headquarters in Rockville, Md.

Neil Wilmshurst, director of plant technology for the industry's Electric Power Research Institute, acknowledged that the industry and NRC often collaborate on research that supports rule changes. But he maintained that there's "no kind of misplaced alliance ... to get the right answer."

Yet agency staff, plant operators, and consultants paint a different picture in little-known reports, where evidence of industry-wide problems is striking:

—The AP reviewed 226 preliminary notifications — alerts on emerging safety problems — issued by the NRC since 2005. Wear and tear in the form of clogged lines, cracked parts, leaky seals, rust and other deterioration contributed to at least 26 alerts over the past six years. Other notifications lack detail, but aging also was a probable factor in 113 additional alerts. That would constitute up to 62 percent in all. For example, the 39-year-old Palisades reactor in Michigan shut Jan. 22 when an electrical cable failed, a fuse blew, and a valve stuck shut, expelling steam with low levels of radioactive tritium into the air outside. And a one-inch crack in a valve weld aborted a restart in February at the LaSalle site west of Chicago.

—One 2008 NRC report blamed 70 percent of potentially serious safety problems on "degraded conditions." Some involve human factors, but many stem from equipment wear, including cracked nozzles, loose paint, electrical problems, or offline cooling components.

—Confronted with worn parts that need maintenance, the industry has repeatedly requested — and regulators have often allowed — inspections and repairs to be delayed for months until scheduled refueling outages. Again and again, problems worsened before they were fixed. Postponed inspections inside a steam generator at Indian Point allowed tubing to burst, leading to a radioactive release in 2000. Two years later, cracking was allowed to grow so bad in nozzles on the reactor vessel at the Davis-Besse plant near Toledo, Ohio, that it came within two months of a possible breach, the NRC acknowledged in a report. A hole in the vessel could release radiation into the environment, yet inspections failed to catch the same problem on the replacement vessel head until more nozzles were found to be cracked last year.

———

TIME CRUMBLES THINGS

Nuclear plants are fundamentally no more immune to the incremental abuses of time than our cars or homes: Metals grow weak and rusty, concrete crumbles, paint peels, crud accumulates. Big components like 17-story-tall concrete containment buildings or 800-ton reactor vessels are all but impossible to replace. Smaller parts and systems can be swapped, but still pose risks as a result of weak maintenance and lax regulation or hard-to-predict failures. Even when things are fixed or replaced, the same parts or others nearby often fail later.

Even mundane deterioration at a reactor can carry harsh consequences.

For example, peeling paint and debris can be swept toward pumps that circulate cooling water in a reactor accident. A properly functioning containment building is needed to create air pressure that helps clear those pumps. The fact is, a containment building could fail in a severe accident. Yet the NRC has allowed operators to make safety calculations that assume containment buildings will hold.

In a 2009 letter, Mario V. Bonaca, then-chairman of the NRC's Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, warned that this approach represents "a decrease in the safety margin" and makes a fuel-melting accident more likely. At Fukushima, hydrogen explosions blew apart two of six containment buildings, allowing radiation to escape from overheated fuel in storage pools.

Many photos in NRC archives — some released in response to AP requests under the federal Freedom of Information Act — show rust accumulated in a thick crust or paint peeling in long sheets on untended equipment at nuclear plants. Other breakdowns can't be observed or predicted, even with sophisticated analytic methods — especially for buried, hidden or hard-to-reach parts.

Industry and government reports are packed with troubling evidence of unrelenting wear — and repeated regulatory compromises.

Four areas stand out:

BRITTLE VESSELS: For years, operators have rearranged fuel rods to limit gradual radiation damage to the steel vessels protecting the core and to keep them strong enough to meet safety standards.

It hasn't worked well enough.

Even with last year's weakening of the safety margins, engineers and metal scientists say some plants may be forced to close over these concerns before their licenses run out — unless, of course, new compromises with regulations are made. But the stakes are high: A vessel damaged by radiation becomes brittle and prone to cracking in certain accidents at pressurized water reactors, potentially releasing its radioactive contents into the environment.

LEAKY VALVES: Operators have repeatedly violated leakage standards for valves designed to bottle up radioactive steam in the event of earthquakes and other accidents at boiling water reactors.

Many plants have found they could not adhere to the general standard allowing each of these parts — known as main steam isolation valves — to leak at a rate of no more than 11.5 cubic feet per hour. In 1999, the NRC decided to permit individual plants to seek amendments of up to 200 cubic feet per hour for all four steam valves combined.

But plants keep violating even those higher limits. For example, in 2007, Hatch Unit 2, in Baxley, Ga., reported combined leakage of 574 cubic feet per hour.

CRACKED TUBING: The industry has long known of cracking in steel alloy tubing originally used in the steam generators of pressurized water reactors. Ruptures were rampant in these tubes containing radioactive coolant; in 1993 alone, there were seven. Even today, as many as 18 reactors are still running on old generators.

Problems can arise even in a newer metal alloy, according to a report of a 2008 industry-government workshop.

CORRODED PIPING: Nuclear operators have failed to stop an epidemic of leaks in pipes and other underground equipment in damp settings. The country's nuclear sites have suffered more than 400 accidental radioactive leaks during their history, the activist Union of Concerned Scientists reported in September.

Plant operators have been drilling monitoring wells and patching hidden or buried piping and other equipment for several years to control an escalating outbreak.

Here, too, they have failed. Between 2000 and 2009, the annual number of leaks from underground piping shot up fivefold, according to an internal industry document obtained and analyzed by the AP.

———

CONCERNS OF LONG STANDING

Even as they reassured the public, regulators have been worrying about aging reactors since at least the 1980s, when the first ones were entering only their second decade of operation. A 1984 report for the NRC blamed wear, corrosion, crud and fatigue for more than a third of 3,098 failures of parts or systems within the first 12 years of industry operations; the authors believed the number was actually much higher.

A decade later, in 1994, the NRC reported to Congress that the critical shrouds lining reactor cores were cracked at a minimum of 11 units, including five with extensive damage. The NRC ordered more aggressive maintenance, but an agency report last year said cracking of internal core components — spurred by radiation — remains "a major concern" in boiling water reactors.

A 1995 study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory covering a seven-year period found that aging contributed to 19 percent of scenarios that could have ended in severe accidents.

In 2001, the Union of Concerned Scientists, which does not oppose nuclear power, told Congress that aging problems had shut reactors eight times within 13 months.

And an NRC presentation for an international workshop that same year warned of escalating wear at reactor buildings meant to bottle up radiation during accidents. A total of 66 cases of damage were cited in the presentation, with corrosion reported at a quarter of all containment buildings. In at least two cases — at the two-reactor North Anna site 40 miles northwest of Richmond, Va., and the two-unit Brunswick facility near Wilmington, N.C. — steel containment liners designed to shield the public had rusted through.

And in 2009, a one-third-inch hole was discovered in a liner at Beaver Valley Unit 1 in Shippingport, Pa.

Long-standing, unresolved problems persist with electrical cables, too.

In a 1993 report labeled "official use only," an NRC staffer warned that electrical parts throughout plants were subject to dangerous age-related breakdowns unforeseen by the agency. Almost a fifth of cables failed in testing that simulated the effects of 40 years of wear. The report warned that as a result, reactor core damage could occur much more often than expected.

Fifteen years later, the problem appeared to have worsened. An NRC report warned in 2008 that rising numbers of electrical cables are failing with age, prompting temporary shutdowns and degrading safety. Agency staff tallied 269 known failures over the life of the industry.

Two industry-funded reports obtained by the AP said that managers and regulators have worried increasingly about the reliability of sometimes wet, hard-to-reach underground cables over the past five-to-10 years. One of the reports last year acknowledged many electrical-related aging failures at plants around the country.

"Multiple cable circuits may fail when called on to perform functions affecting safety," the report warned.

———

EATEN AWAY FROM WITHIN

Few aging problems have been more challenging than chemical corrosion from within.

In one of the industry's worst accidents, a corroded pipe burst at Virginia's Surry 2 reactor in 1986 and showered workers with scalding steam, killing four.

In summer 2001, the NRC was confronted with a new problem: Corrosive chemicals were cracking nozzles on reactors. But the NRC let operators delay inspections to coincide with scheduled outages. Inspection finally took place in February 2002 at the Davis-Besse unit in Ohio.

What workers found shocked the industry.

They discovered extensive cracking and a place where acidic boron had spurted from the reactor and eaten a gouge as big as a football. When the problem was found, just a fraction of an inch of inner lining remained. An NRC analysis determined that the vessel head could have burst within two months — what former NRC Commissioner Peter Bradford has called a "near rupture" which could have released large amounts of radiation into the environment.

In 2001-3 alone, at least 10 plants developed these cracks, according to an NRC analysis.

Industry defenders blame human failings at Davis-Besse. Owner FirstEnergy Corp. paid a $28 million fine, and courts convicted two plant employees of hiding the deterioration. NRC spokesman Scott Burnell declared that the agency "learned from the incident and improved resident inspector training and knowledge-sharing to ensure that such a situation is never repeated."

Yet on the same March day last year that Burnell's comments were released, Davis-Besse workers again found dried boron on the nozzles of a replacement vessel head, indicating more leaks. Inspecting further, they again found cracks in 24 of 69 nozzles.

"We were not expecting this issue," said plant spokesman Todd Schneider.

In August, the operator applied for a 20-year license extension. Under pressure from the NRC, the company has agreed to replace the replacement head in October.

As far back as the 1990s, the industry and NRC also were well aware that the steel-alloy tubing in many steam generators was subject to chemical corrosion. It could crack over time, releasing radioactive gases that can bypass the containment building. If too much spurts out, there may be too little water to cool down the reactor, prompting a core melt.

In 1993, NRC personnel reported seven outright ruptures inside the generators, several forced outages per year, and some complete replacements. Personnel at the Catawba plant near Charlotte, N.C., found more than 8,000 corroded tubes — more than half its total.

For plants with their original generators, "there is no end in sight to the steam generator tube degradation problems," a top agency manager declared. NRC staffers warned: "Crack depth is difficult to measure reliably and the crack growth rate is difficult to determine."

Yet no broad order was issued for shutdowns to inspect generators.

Instead, the staff began to talk to operators about how to deal with the standard that no cracks could go deeper than 40 percent through the tube wall.

In 1995, the NRC staff put out alternative criteria that let reactors keep running if they could reach positive results with remote checks known as "eddy-currents tests." The new test standard gave more breathing room to reactors.

According to a 2001 report by the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, the staff "acknowledged that there would be some possibility that cracks of objectionable depth might be overlooked and left in the steam generator for an additional operating cycle." The alternative, the report said, would be to repair or remove potentially many tubes from service.

NRC engineer Joe Hopenfeld, who had worked previously in the industry, challenged this approach at the time from within the agency. He warned that multiple ruptures in corroded tubing could release radiation. The NRC said radiation would be confined.

Hopenfeld now says this conclusion wasn't based on solid analysis but "wishful thinking" and research meant to reach a certain conclusion — another instance of "sharpening the pencil."

"It was a hard problem to solve, and they did not want to say it was a problem, because if they really said it was a problem, they would have to shut down a lot of reactors."

———

AGE IS NO ISSUE, SAYS INDUSTRY

With financial pressures mounting in the 1990s to extend the life of aging reactors, new NRC calculations using something called the "Master Curve" put questionable reactor vessels back into the safe zone.

A 1999 NRC review of the Master Curve, used to analyze metal toughness, noted that energy deregulation had put financial pressure on nuclear plants. It went on: "So utility executives are considering new operational scenarios, some of which were unheard of as little as five years ago: extending the licensed life of the plant beyond 40 years." As a result, it said, the industry and the NRC were considering "refinements" of embrittlement calculations "with an eye to reducing known over-conservatisms."

Asked about references to economic pressures, NRC spokesman Burnell said motivations are irrelevant if a technology works.

Former NRC commissioner Peter Lyons said, "There certainly is plenty of research ... to support a relaxation of the conservativisms that had been built in before. I don't see that as decreasing safety. I see that as an appropriate standard."

Though some parts are too big and too expensive to replace, industry defenders also point out that many others are routinely replaced over the years.

Tony Pietrangelo, chief nuclear officer of the industry's Nuclear Energy Institute, acknowledges that you'd expect to see a growing failure rate at some point — "if we didn't replace and do consistent maintenance."

In a sense, then, supporters of aging nukes say an old reactor is essentially a collection of new parts.

"When a plant gets to be 40 years old, about the only thing that's 40 years old is the ink on the license," said NRC chief spokesman Eliot Brenner. "Most, if not all of the major components, will have been changed out."

Oyster Creek spokesman David Benson said the reactor "is as safe today as when it was built."

Yet plant officials have been trying to arrest rust on its 100-foot-high, radiation-blocking steel drywell for decades. The problem was declared solved long ago, but a rust patch was found again in late 2008. Benson said the new rust was only the size of a dime, but acknowledged there was "some indication of water getting in."

In an effort to meet safety standards, aging reactors have been forced to come up with backfit on top of backfit.

As Ivan Selin, a retired NRC chairman, put it: "It's as if we were all driving Model T's today and trying to bring them up to current mileage standards."

For example, the state of New Jersey — not the NRC — had ordered Oyster Creek to build cooling towers to protect sea life in nearby Barnegat Bay. Owner Exelon Corp. said that would cost about $750 million and force it to close the reactor — 20-year license extension notwithstanding. Even with the announcement to close in 2019, Oyster Creek will have been in operation for 50 years.

Many of the safety changes have been justified by something called "risk-informed" analysis, which the industry has employed widely since the 1990s: Regulators set aside a strict check list applied to all systems and focus instead on features deemed to carry the highest risk.

But one flaw of risk-informed analysis is that it doesn't explicitly account for age. An older reactor is not viewed as inherently more unpredictable than a younger one. Ed Lyman, a physicist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, says risk-informed analysis has usually served "to weaken regulations, rather than strengthen them."

Even without the right research, the NRC has long reserved legal wiggle room to enforce procedures, rules and standards as it sees fit. A 2008 position paper by the industry group EPRI said the approach has brought "a more tractable enforcement process and a significant reduction in the number of cited violations."

But some safety experts call it "tombstone regulation," implying that problems fester until something goes very wrong. "Until there are tombstones, they don't regulate," said Blanch, the longtime industry engineer who became a whistleblower.
 
Look, we're right where Japan was just before the quake:

Luckily, there is no danger of a major earthquake in the US.

barfo
 
That's a great, well-written article. I wish it would've asked the tougher questions, but since NPR is a liberal mouthpiece ( ;) ) maybe they didn't want to indict any political figures or impugn the stupidity of staffers and committee members.
These are the very people BrianfromWA tells you to believe. He bases all his opinions on what these people tell him, and only on that.
You may stop lying at any point. I tell you to believe ME, b/c I have 7 years of engineering training and almost a decade of plant operation experience, and not psychology-trained stay-at-home moms and kid bloggers suckling the teat of GreenPeace. I talk about the science and engineering of nuclear power, and not scare-tactics based on ignorance.
If they're not working for the Feds, they're too stupid to be believed according to BrianfromWA.
Again, not true. I don’t work for the feds, and I’m a pretty good source for this stuff. Just ask, when you have questions. Right now you’re lying, which is ignorant and immoral and doesn’t become anyone.
Sorry, BrianfromWA. I've been around more, been around longer, been lied to by these people nearly 100% of the time for over 5 decades and about stuff alot more important than nuclear fallout.
I’m sorry that you allow people to lie to you about important things and then still vote for them. I’m sorry that you want to remove an entire industry based on your uneducated fears and the lies people tell you. I choose not to work that way, and feel that my way is better and more logical.
Fortunately, I saw nothing in there about incompetence from the Navy, or science or engineering issues that aren't already known, and evidence contrary to my long-standing take that, when left to the ignorant, the uneducated and the immoral, stuff breaks down. I wholeheartedly agree with that, too. In fact, what this shows me is that there needs to be more DoE and DoD oversight of such a strategic program and national danger, that in the hands of the stupid and the corrupt and the ignorant bad stuff can happen.
In the Navy, when you falsify a record, you're stripped of your ability ever to work on a reactor again, the Engineer in charge and the Captain are generally both relieved.
In the Navy, reactor core lifetimes are strictly monitored and enforced by Commander, Naval Reactors and his staff. Here’s an article about Congress wanting to save money by telling the Navy that they don’t want to
In a 2009 letter, Mario V. Bonaca, then-chairman of the NRC's Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, warned that this approach represents "a decrease in the safety margin" and makes a fuel-melting accident more likely.
Seems like the process is working here, where the Chairman of the Safeguards Committee lets the gov’t know about problems. What did the legislature do? How much did they invest in this?
Even with last year's weakening of the safety margins, engineers and metal scientists say some plants may be forced to close over these concerns before their licenses run out — unless, of course, new compromises with regulations are made.
Do you for one second think that I am in favor of engineering and safety compromises to solve someone’s lack of foresight, poor maintenance practices and b/c an arbitrarily-given 20-year license hasn’t been completed. Of course not. So where, again, does this show that nuclear power shouldn’t be much more heavily invested in?
Industry and government reports are packed with troubling evidence of unrelenting wear — and repeated regulatory compromises
Why do people get “compromises”. Who gave it, and why aren’t you lambasting that right now, instead of trying to lump me (someone who’s given you nothing but truth to your wild-eyed Chicken Little tactics) with the brush of people immoral, corrupt and stupid? Or insinuating that I’ve never said that nuclear power
The analogy you’re shooting for here is akin to saying cars must be taken off the road and humans go back to horses and bicycles because a 12 year-old stole a car and drove down the freeway at 100mph. “But Your Honor, his reckless abandon, immaturity and stupidity might kill a bunch of people someday.” True, but it’s better to punish the kid and parents than take cars away from society.
BRITTLE VESSELS… LEAKY VALVES… CRACKED TUBING… CORRODED PIPING
None of this is news to me, other than their responses to it. You can’t run your car for 50 years without corrosion unless you take meticulous care of it. And that’s a CAR, not a mass of steel, concrete and alloys you can’t even pronounce, much less spell with high-pressure and –temperature steam running through it 24/7.
A decade later, in 1994, the NRC reported to Congress that the critical shrouds lining reactor cores were cracked at a minimum of 11 units, including five with extensive damage
This is what bothers me. Again, either rampant corruption, massive stupidity or both.

In a 1993 report labeled "official use only,"
I don’t know why they put this in there…almost all technology-based reports and data are classified. If it was FOUO, that actually means that they might’ve redacted some of the technical parts. :dunno:
…an NRC staffer warned that electrical parts throughout plants were subject to dangerous age-related breakdowns unforeseen by the agency. Almost a fifth of cables failed in testing that simulated the effects of 40 years of wear. The report warned that as a result, reactor core damage could occur much more often than expected.
They’re right. When cabling degrades, the nuclear instrumentation that relies on fine measurements aren’t reliable and you have degraded plant monitoring. Again, this isn’t news…no one believes that if you leave an electrical cable in any environment (much less a high-pressure, high-temperature one) that it will be “unforeseen” that in 40 years it might degrade. Again, what did Congress do about this when NRC reported it?

Fifteen years later, the problem appeared to have worsened.
Yes, another fundamental principle of engineering is that, when it comes to age-related issues, as time goes by they get worse. Don’t know what more to say about that.
…An NRC report warned in 2008 that rising numbers of electrical cables are failing with age, prompting temporary shutdowns and degrading safety. Agency staff tallied 269 known failures over the life of the industry.
So again, the people charged with inspecting and reporting did their jobs correctly. They noted the failures, issued the shutdowns for maintenance and wrote the report. What happened after that? Where was the legislation, the shutdown, the fines, or the maintenance to fix it?
In one of the industry's worst accidents, a corroded pipe burst at Virginia's Surry 2 reactor in 1986 and showered workers with scalding steam, killing four
I can’t think of another industry, including the realty or fast-food industry, where the “worst” thing that’s happened in the industry is that 4 people got killed. How many people die in coal, solar, wind, oil, natural gas industries in their “worst accidents”? Yet you want to extrapolate this to show that nuclear plants should just go away?
In August, the operator applied for a 20-year license extension. Under pressure from the NRC, the company has agreed to replace the replacement head in October
So, to get this straight in all of our heads, a civilian operator wanted a license extension, and before they got it the agency made them fix some broken things before they failed? Amazing! That seems like EXACTLY what you want inspectors and regulators to do. Now why hasn’t that been done in the other scenarios?
For plants with their original generators, "there is no end in sight to the steam generator tube degradation problems," a top agency manager declared. NRC staffers warned: "Crack depth is difficult to measure reliably and the crack growth rate is difficult to determine."

Yet no broad order was issued for shutdowns to inspect generators.

Instead, the staff began to talk to operators about how to deal with the standard that no cracks could go deeper than 40 percent through the tube wall.
So the regulatory agency sees problems, warns in reports, and the legislature does nothing about it except relax safety standards. Hm. I’m seeing a trend here.
Former NRC commissioner Peter Lyons said, "There certainly is plenty of research ... to support a relaxation of the conservativisms that had been built in before. I don't see that as decreasing safety. I see that as an appropriate standard."
And b/c there aren’t people smart enough to realize that he’s saying crazy stuff, he gets away with this…how?
Regulators set aside a strict check list applied to all systems and focus instead on features deemed to carry the highest risk.
I’m going to give you two guesses about whether you think I agree with this or not.
But some safety experts call it "tombstone regulation," implying that problems fester until something goes very wrong. "Until there are tombstones, they don't regulate," said Blanch, the longtime industry engineer who became a whistleblower.
This isn’t new in reactor world (car safety, smoking bans, industrial safety, etc.) but it’s not good practice, I agree. So what’s the gov’t doing about it?
 
Long story short: Nothing in that article (from an engineering or science perspective) was new (at least to me). Reactor safety, plant maintenance, and operator training are paramount in the operator of a submarine (even to the exclusion of other things like “shooting torpedoes” and “sleep”). Strict standards are placed, adhered to and inspected regularly to ensure that
In the Navy, when you falsify a record, you're stripped of your ability ever to work on a reactor again, the Engineer in charge and the Captain are generally both relieved, and your ship is shut down from operation until Commander, Naval Reactors is confident that you can run your ship safely again. Even to the detriment of other operations around the world. I don’t see anywhere where people were fired, voted out, or questioned about competence when these things were brought up. I’d love to see NPR investigate that. Who were these reports sent to? Who vetoed the penalties against the civilians for their violations? Why do these companies still have licenses?
Great questions, and a great article. Now, what are you guys going to do about it? Ensure that the Congress, instead of giving 800B to unions or banks, gives some money to support the national energy infrastructure? Training inspectors and regulators? Taking over the business? Instead of leaving in the hands of the immoral, corrupt and ignorant, ensuring that standards are enforced? Or just say “Nuclear power sucks and is dangerous! Get rid of it!”
 
Now, what are you guys going to do about it? Ensure that the Congress, instead of giving 800B to unions or banks, gives some money to support the national energy infrastructure? Training inspectors and regulators? Taking over the business? Instead of leaving in the hands of the immoral, corrupt and ignorant, ensuring that standards are enforced? Or just say “Nuclear power sucks and is dangerous! Get rid of it!”

The problem I see is that neither the Democrats or Republicans have much interest in funding any sort of infrastructure...
 
Wow. Normally my guesses don't turn out like this...

Actually, one of the problems might be that a member of the House Energy Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations was a guy who didn't think that lying to the nation for a week was worth losing your job over.
 
The problem I see is that neither the Democrats or Republicans have much interest in funding any sort of infrastructure...

If that's the case, no problem. If the lawmakers decide that we're not going to let any more plants get built, and will close ones that get too old, that's what they decide. I'm just pointing out that it's supremely ignorant and hypocritical to say that nuclear power is unsafe and then drill more oil wells, dig more coal mines, investing in fracking, and have people drive gas-powered cars to work.

If you leave this up for a popular vote (like Yucca Mountain), my take is that most Americans are too ignorant of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math to even understand the basics of the problem, much less the nuances. Nuke-u-lur, indeed.
 
If that's the case, no problem. If the lawmakers decide that we're not going to let any more plants get built, and will close ones that get too old, that's what they decide. I'm just pointing out that it's supremely ignorant and hypocritical to say that nuclear power is unsafe and then drill more oil wells, dig more coal mines, investing in fracking, and have people drive gas-powered cars to work.

This is definitely true. Mining, drilling & fracking really aren't safer than nuclear. The media did seem to idolize the workers at Fukashima, discussing how they're risking their lives to get the reactors under control in dangerous conditions. You don't have to watch what miners do every day, using heavy machinery & blowing crap up deep underground, to get an idea as to how dangerous & unpleasant the job can be. There are also long term health consequences for miners & the environment...

If you leave this up for a popular vote (like Yucca Mountain), my take is that most Americans are too ignorant of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math to even understand the basics of the problem, much less the nuances. Nuke-u-lur, indeed.

Nuclear disasters definitely have a big horror factor to them. Radiation is scary, something you can't see that can essentially kill you within an instant(well you might take days or weeks to die, but tiny amounts of exposure can kill you). Truthfully though, I'd probably be just as scared for the people who breathed in all the fumes off the Gulf when the big spill was going on, as I am for the people who got a dusting of radiation in Japan. It may just be easier for people to look at a smoke stack, see the smoke float into the air and "disappear" ignoring that it's going to come back down at some point & that it's laced with cancer causing toxins & radioactive material.

I like the concept & "beauty" of nuclear. It's a highly condensed energy source & allows for containment of the exported waste. It's just hard to execute in reality. There are a few issues with it that I see.

Safety
Safety isn't really a major issue so long as people don't cut corners. Unfortunately that's pretty much what's happened in every nuclear disaster or blunder. Cut corners, lax safety & maintenance procedures. Ensuring corners are not cut is important. The private sector may be less trustworthy than the military, as the military really isn't as worried about profit. Locally we have Trojan & Hanford as nuclear blunders...

Cost
First is upfront capital costs, these things aren't cheap. They cost billions of dollars to build. Even when they're up & running, nuclear fuel isn't cheap either. It would take considerable time to pay off the initial investment. Total operation costs should be estimated which includes handling & disposing of waste at a long term facility. This should probably be computed for other energy sources as well like coal, but it's harder to get a dollar value on what comes out of the smoke stack of a coal plant.

Waste Storage
Waste storage pretty much ties in with both cost & safety. Even if Yucca mountain was successful we'd need the infrastructure to transport the waste to it. We'd probably also need another long term storage facility for the east cost. If we're worried about terrorists, I think a train loaded full of nuclear waste would be a prime target. If the train is getting an armed convoy for every trip, how much is that going to cost?

Nuclear seems like it could be ideal, but only if it's actually done properly & when it's done properly it isn't cheap. But then when anything is done properly it's usually not cheap, which is why we have coal mine disasters from mining corps that decide they'd rather save money at the cost of their miners' lives.

Energy issues just aren't simple to fix...
 
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Nuclear plants would be cheaper to build if they all used the same blueprint. If we don't want to burn coal, of which we have an abundant amount, nuclear is the solution.

I lived 90 miles from Yucca Mountain and I had no fear of it being used to store nuclear waste. If the waste is encased in glass, or bonded to it, it can survive train crashes, plane crashes, etc., without a problem.





One thing I'm convinced of in this forum is that Brian knows his shit.
 
While those videos are pretty impressive it seems like the NRC is cutting corners somewhat.

NRC testing requirements
* A 9 meter (30 ft) free fall on to an unyielding surface
* A puncture test allowing the container to free-fall 1 meter (about 39 inches) onto a steel rod 15 centimeters (about 6 inches) in diameter
* A 30-minute, all-engulfing fire at 800 degrees Celsius (1475 degrees Fahrenheit)
* An 8-hour immersion under 0.9 meter (3 ft) of water.
* Further, an undamaged package must be subjected to a one-hour immersion under 200 meters (655 ft) of water.

But the Baltimore Tunnel Fire back in 2001 caused investigations to be launched by Nevada which found the following about the flasks.

Absence of Cask Testing Requirements
•NRC does not require physical testing
•16 shipping cask designs currently certified
No currently certified US cask has been tested full-scale to demonstrate compliance with 10CFR71(drop, puncture, fire, immersion)
•2 truck cask designs drop-tested using half-scale models (TN-8 & GA-4)
•3 rail cask designs drop-tested using 1/3-or 1/4-scale models (125-B, NAC-STC, TN-68)
•Scale-model impact limiter tests (9 casks)

The NRC later released a study saying that a modern flask design would withstand the fire, but looking at the numbers in the report it looks like the container would be pushed to the limit & the environment generated greatly exceeded the current minimum testing procedures. The NRC test requires 30 minutes at 800C, while the tunnel fire had estimates of temperatures as high as 1100C for up to 7 hours.

It's unlikely that nuclear waste would be transported with dangerous flammable gases that could start such a fire, but there are real life scenarios that could prove a formidable opponent towards the flasks, especially if we're not doing full on tests on all models.

Also you might not really need a successful attack on a nuclear flask to cause panic. Just knock it off the rails & even if it's unsuccessful it'll probably inspire panic...
 
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