I've spent a few years in corporate governance. Common stock is subordinated by almost all other claims against a company.
Preferred stock can have any rights assigned to it that the company and shareholder agree upon. Typically, preferred stock is used to encourage a big investment by offering a better position than common when it comes to liquidation rights. The stock may have no voting rights (to elect board members, other shareholder issues/votes), or pay higher dividends than common. Conversion rights are often part of a preferred offering; that'd be the right to convert 1:1 or 2:1 (or whatever) some or all shares of preferred into common.
Sale of stock is authorized by the board of directors, shares available to be sold are authorized by shareholder vote.
There is a huge difference between how the govt. bailed out Chrysler and GM (and Chrysler). Govt. found a partner in Lee Iacocca and empowered him to turn around the business. Govt. did not force him out to put in a guy of their choosing, or demand that the unions become the lion's share owner, or squeeze out its existing shareholders and bondholders. Nor did govt. put harsh new regulations on its product.
The automobile is a household's 2nd or 3rd largest capital expense. That'd be behind a mortgage and perhaps educational loans. It's not at all surprising that people fear for their jobs and forego replacing their older but still servicable vehicles to buy something shiney and new. It has nothing to do with what GM and Chrysler made - sales of hybrid vehicles spiked for about a year during those high oil price days and have plummetted.
The airlines needed a bailout after 9/11. People similarly (out of fear) stopped (mostly) flying for vactations and business. Govt. loans and loan guarantees and bankruptcies and mergers held the industry together, the environment for their product improved, and they survived and even thrived. The guarantees were really all that was needed, not taking ownership positions, restructuring the companies by presidential edict, and that sort of thing.
7 years from now, every car has to get the mileage of a Toyota Prius. I don't know of more than 2 or 3 vehicles now, any automaker foreign or domestic, that gets that kind of mileage. The three would be Prius, Insight, and a 60 MPG diesel made by ford and sold in Europe. Good luck with that plan, folks.
The closing of auto dealers means death for the automakers. For a company that size (the size we want) to succeed, it needs to advertise, subsidize NASCAR, and have enough points of sales that people don't have to drive 500 miles to find a place to buy a car. And when times are good, an auto purchase can be an impulse buy.
You know our manufacturing sector is dead when it's govt. owned and you have to show up on tuesdays at some govt. warehouse to obtain product. That's the direction we appear to be heading.