Conservatism[edit]
Conservatives and fascists in
Europe have held similar positions on many issues, including
anti-communism and support of national pride.
[179] Conservatives and fascists both reject the liberal and Marxist emphasis on linear progressive evolution in history.
[180] Fascism's emphasis on order, discipline, hierarchy, martial (military) virtues, and preservation of private property appealed to conservatives.
[179] Fascists' promotion of "healthy", "uncontaminated" elements of national tradition such as
chivalric culture and glorifying a nation's historical golden age have similarities with conservative aims.
[181] Fascists also made pragmatic tactical alliances with traditional conservative forces in order to achieve and maintain power.
[181]
Unlike conservatism, fascism specifically presents itself as a
modern ideology that is willing to break free from moral and political constraints of traditional society.
[182] The conservative authoritarian right is distinguished from fascism in that such conservatives utilized traditional religion as the basis for their views while fascists focused based their views on more complex issues such as
vitalism,
nonrationalism, or secular neo-idealism.
[183]
Many of fascism's recruits were disaffected
right-wing conservatives who were dissatisfied with the traditional right's inability to achieve national unity and its inability to respond to socialism, feminism, economic crisis, and international difficulties.
[184] With traditional conservative parties in Europe severely weakened in the aftermath of
World War I, there was a political vacuum on the right which fascism filled.
[185]
Liberalism[edit]
Fascism is strongly opposed to liberalism.
Fascists accuse liberalism as being the cause of despiritualization of human beings and transforming them into materialistic beings in which the highest ideal is moneymaking.
[186] In particular, fascism opposes liberalism for its
materialism,
rationalism,
individualism, and
utilitarianism.
[46] Fascists believe that the liberal emphasis on individual freedom produces national divisiveness.
[186] Fascists and Nazis, however, support a type of hierarchical individualism in the form of
Social Darwinism, as they believe it promotes "superior individuals" and weeds out "the weak".
[187]
One issue where fascism is in accord with liberalism is in its support of
private property rights and the existence of a
market economy.
[46]
Socialism[edit]
Fascism opposed the
international character of mainstream
socialism; but in opposing this international character, it sometimes defined itself as a "nationalist" socialism, an alternative to the mainstream socialism that it regarded as its bitter enemy.
[188] Mainstream socialists have typically rejected and opposed fascism in turn.
[188] Beyond its opposition to mainstream socialism's international character, Fascism also opposed mainstream socialism for its
universalism,
egalitarianism,
anti-nationalism, horizontal
collectivism and
cosmopolitanism.
[188] Benito Mussolini considered Fascism as opposed to Socialism,
"Therefore Fascism is opposed to Socialism, which confines the movement of history within the class struggle and ignores the unity of classes established in one economic and moral reality in the State; and analogously it is opposed to class syndicalism..."[189] Adolf Hitler at times attempted to redefine the word socialism, such as saying,
"Socialism! That is an unfortunate word altogether... What does socialism really mean? If people have something to eat and their pleasures, then they have their socialism."[190]